How Addiction Works: Causes, Signs, and Prevention of Substance Use Disorder
Substance use disorder, also called addiction, is a brain disease, not a failure of willpower to stop using harmful substances. Learn about the signs of addiction, when to seek help, and the treatment options available at Virtua.
By Lynda Bascelli, MD, Family Medicine and Addiction Specialist, Virtua Medication for Addiction Treatment Program
Substance use disorder is a chronic brain disease characterized by a strong urge to use drugs or other substances, even when it causes harm. It's not a failure of willpower, but a biological change in the brain's circuits. With the right support and care, many people recover, regain stability, and lead healthy, meaningful lives.
What causes addiction or substance use disorder?
For years, substance use disorder, or addiction, has carried a stigma because it's been judged as a lack of willpower or morals. While addiction still carries this stigma, scientific studies have demonstrated that it's a brain disease.
When a person uses drugs or alcohol, the brain releases chemicals that create feelings of pleasure. One of these chemicals is called dopamine. Over time, the brain becomes used to high levels of dopamine and makes less of it on its own. This can make it hard to feel good without using substances.
The encouraging news is that these brain changes aren't permanent. With treatment and time in recovery, the brain can heal, and people often rediscover enjoyment in everyday activities and relationships.
What are the signs of substance use disorder?
A mental health professional considers several factors when diagnosing substance use disorder in an individual, including:
- Loss of control: Trouble controlling how much or how often a substance is used
- Social impairment: Problems at work, school, or home because of substance use
- Risky use: Using substances in unsafe ways, such as driving while impaired
- Biological criteria: Strong cravings, needing more of the substance to feel the same effect, or feeling sick when stopping
Recognizing these signs isn't a failure—it’s an important first step toward healing. Many people seek help at this stage and go on to recover, making significant, lasting changes.
Who's at risk for substance use disorder?
Anyone can develop a substance use disorder, but not everyone is susceptible to it. Having risk factors such as a family history of substance use or mental health issues doesn't mean someone will develop a substance use disorder. Early support, education, and access to care can make a significant difference.
Can you prevent substance use disorder?
Prevention focuses on helping people stay healthy and safe. This can include:
- Safely storing and disposing of prescription medications
- Getting help early for anxiety, depression, or stress
- Building strong family and community connections
- Teaching young people about the risks of early substance use
How is substance use disorder treated?
Recovery looks different for everyone, but treatment works. With the right combination of medical care, counseling, and support, many people achieve long‑term recovery and improved quality of life.
For many people, medication‑assisted treatment provides stability, reduces cravings, and allows them to focus on rebuilding their lives, relationships, and goals.
You don’t have to face substance use disorder alone. Help is available, recovery is possible, and taking the first step to seek treatment can lead to lasting change.
Medication-assisted treatment available in South Jersey
Virtua's Medication for Addiction Treatment (MAT) Program offers a combination of outpatient therapies to help individuals overcome opioid and other substance use disorders. MAT is safe, evidence-based, and doesn't replace one addiction with another.
Your personalized treatment plan may include the following:
- Medical and psychiatric evaluation for substance use disorders
- FDA-approved medications like naltrexone (Vivitrol®) and buprenorphine-naloxone (Suboxone®), which help you manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and prevent relapse
- Psychotherapy, including substance abuse counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy
- Help with navigating other services, including medical appointments and social service support
Virtua MAT Program offices are located in Moorestown and Voorhees. Call 856-322-3110 to speak with a member of our care team.
There's So Much More to Explore
